Moreover, previous work on medieval battle rhetoric has only served to reinforce the supposed brutality and amorality of warfare in this period, highlighting appeals to martial prowess, a hatred for ''the enemy'' and promises of wealth and glory.
While its cultural and chronological pervasiveness attests to the power of this trope, scholarly engagement with the literary phenomenon of the pre-battle speech has been limited. The battle oration, a rousing harangue exhorting warriors to deeds of valour, has been regarded as a significant aspect of warfare since the age of Xenophon, and has continued to influence conceptions of campaigning and combat to the present day. "This book examines Latin narratives produced in the aftermath of the First Crusade and challenges the narrative of supposed brutality and amorality of warfare in this period - instead focusing on the moral and didactic concerns surrounding warfare and violence with which medieval authors wrestled. Two dissimilar case studies frame each strategy, indicating that an approach that works for one building may not be sufficient for another. Using cinematic representations of Berlin as an audiovisual archive, the study details how the city has adjusted to its traumatic twentieth-century history through architectural transformations. Organizing these strategies from demolition to memorialization, the authors study the ways these actions forget or recall aspects of place.
Covering the city''s history since the beginning of cinema, the book proposes the term urban strategy to understand the range of consequential actions taken by politicians, developers, and other powerful figures to shape the nature and future of buildings, streets, and districts. Concerned with the connection between the built environment and the passage of time, Reframing Berlin uses film locations in the city to reveal the influence that urban transformation has on memory-making. A study of the ways Berlin has been depicted in cinema and the ways its architectural transformations inform our understanding of the city and its memories.
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